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Equal Rights

Saturday, January 7th, 2012

Fraud victims compete for priority.

SOUTH GATE, CA–On Thursday, August 28, 2008, Ms. Kyung Ha Chung gave a deed of trust against her property on Roosevelt Avenue. It all went so smoothly she repeated the process that day, eventually signing six deeds of trust against the same property, in favor of six different lenders and witnessed by six different notaries.

The property in question, or 'modus operandi'

The next day, August 29, Ms. Chung signed a seventh deed of trust. Each lender believed it had a first mortgage. All told, the seven deeds of trust secured loans totalling $1,827,500. The property was worth maybe $300,000.

Of the seven deeds of trust, the first three submitted for recording were received by the Los Angeles County Recorder’s office in batches from different title companies around 6:00 a.m. on September 4, 2008. One was in favor of First Bank, another in favor of East West Bank, and another in favor of Flagstar Bank.

The L.A. County Recorder’s office processes thousands of documents each business day. Once received, each document is referred to an examiner to make sure it’s suitable for recording, and then to a cashier to collect applicable fees. If accepted the document is stamped with a recording date and time, and an instrument number. It is later indexed and becomes part of the official land records.

All three deeds of trust were accepted and stamped as recorded on September 4, 2008. As is done in most California counties, the Recorder gave the documents an 8:00 a.m. time stamp because they were deposited before office hours. The East West deed of trust was indexed before the others, at 11:26 a.m. that day.

Los Angeles County Registrar-Recorder/County Clerk's building at Norwalk, California. This is the Recorder's main office; there are five branch offices

It should come as no surprise that all seven loans defaulted, and the lenders discovered they’d been scammed. Some commenced foreclosure, and a dispute arose as to which lender had priority.

Eventually, First Bank filed suit for a court order that the three deeds of trust should have equal priority because they share the earliest recording date and time. But East West opposed the suit, claiming it alone should have priority because its deed of trust was indexed before the others.

The trial court ruled in favor of First Bank, and East West appealed.

The Court of Appeals affirmed the trial court, based on California’s “law of priorities.”

The Court explained that, under state recording laws, priority of interests in land depends on a combination of factors. One gains priority by (a) acquiring an interest as a bona fide purchaser, for valuable consideration, without actual or constructive notice of (b) a previously created competing interest of another party, and (c) being first to record his interest in the land records. This is commonly known as a “race-notice” system, to be distinguished from “pure race” rule giving priority to the first to record.

In this case the Court deferred to the Recorder’s administrative system of assigning recording dates and times, and said the First Bank and East West deeds of trust were recorded “simultaneously” at 8:00 a.m. on September 4. Indexing, the Court said, is a separate function done not to affect recording times but instead to impart constructive notice. Since “both trust deeds were executed on the same day and are deemed recorded simultaneously,” and neither lender had notice of a competing interest, the Court concluded the deeds of trust have “equal priority.”

Moral: This decision gives a good explanation of California’s race-notice recording laws, and is a case study of how the rules apply. Flagstar Bank did not participate in the appeal, due to some procedural issue, but it should benefit by this decision.

What’s curious is how the scammer was able to pull this off. Most lenders and title companies now have systems to detect redundant loan applications and open title orders involving a single property. This plot should have been foiled before the loans funded.

And what do we know of Kyung Ha Chung? It’s possible she was an impostor, using an alias or stolen identity–although the Court seems to believe otherwise.

The case is First Bank v. East West Bank, 199 Cal.App.4th 1309 (Cal. App. 2011).

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Foreclosures / Haunted Houses

Friday, October 28th, 2011

First there were bad mortgages, now it’s dud foreclosures.

HAVERHILL, MA–Francis Bevilacqua was a cash-for-trash real estate investor.

When he bought this duplex in 2006 the chain of title was, let’s say, not perfect.

The property in question, at Haverhill, Massachusetts

A prior owner was Pablo Rodriquez. In March 2005 Rodriquez gave a mortgage against the property to Mortgage Electronic Registration Systems (“MERS”), as nominee for the originating lender, Finance America. MERS, remember, is the privately owned database created by the mortgage banking industry to track mortgage loan ownership and servicing rights throughout the U.S. The mortgage bankers save lots of money on recording fees by registering with MERS instead of local county recording offices.

Rodriguez defaulted on his loan and in June 2006 the property was sold at a foreclosure sale. The foreclosing lender was U.S. Bank, as Trustee under a mortgage pooling and servicing agreement, and the successful bidder was also U.S. Bank. Weeks later, in July 2006, an assignment of the now-foreclosed mortgage from MERS, as nominee for Finance America, to U.S. Bank, was created (signed and dated). The assignment of mortgage was then recorded in the land records (Southern Essex Registry of Deeds).

Such were the circumstances when, in October 2006, Francis acquired the property by quitclaim deed from U.S. Bank.

MERS has headquarters in this building, at Reston, Virginia

By April 2010 Francis had converted the property into four condominiums and sold three units. At this point he had concerns about the title(s), so he filed suit to try title (akin to a quiet title action). He sought an order from the Massachusetts Land Court confirming his quitclaim deed, to rule out “the possibility of an adverse claim by Rodriquez.”

The Land Court ruled against Francis, even though Rodriguez could not be found and there was no opposition to the lawsuit. The court held Francis did not have standing to sue because the U.S. Bank foreclosure was void and his quitclaim deed was worthless. Francis appealed, and the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court agreed to decide the case.

The Supreme Court upheld the Land Court decision. The Court explained that at the time the foreclosure deed was created (June 29, 2006) its grantor (U.S. Bank, as Trustee) did not have an interest in the property according to “official” land records (the Southern Essex Registry of Deeds). Instead, U.S. Bank first appears in the chain of title by virtue of the assignment of mortgage (dated July 21, 2006). Since foreclosure can only be done by a mortgage holder, the foreclosure here was unauthorized, and void.

The Southern Essex Registry of Deeds, at Salem, Massachusetts

It follows the quitlclaim deed from U.S. Bank to Francis was ineffective to pass title.

Responding to Francis’ argument that he should be entitled to protected status of a bona fide purchaser, because he had no way of knowing all this, the Court disagreed saying the problem was apparent in the land records before Francis bought the property.

The Court concluded saying Francis may yet perfect his title if he can arrange a proper foreclosure to eliminate Rodriguez’s interest.

Moral: In recent years lenders and investors have relied heavily on MERS to evidence their mortgage rights. It’s been assumed an investor with superior rights can foreclose first and straighten out land records later. This decision upends such assumptions, at least in Massachusetts.

But what should such technicalities matter, when a borrower can’t afford property and abandons it?

According to the Supreme Court, it matters because the defaulting borrower continues to have a right to redeem the loan and reclaim the property, until the right of redemption is ended by foreclosure. It follows the borrower can still refinance or sell and, if he files bankruptcy, the property may be part of the debtor’s estate–tied up in bankruptcy proceedings.

Consequences of all this may seem illusory, but fear of clouded titles will cause some to avoid foreclosures entirely. And as for properties already foreclosed, and perhaps resold, no one knows how many could be in legal limbo.

State laws differ, so it’s unclear whether this view of faulty foreclosures will spread outside the Bay State.

The case is Bevilacqua v. Rodriguez, 995 N.E.2d 884 (Mass. 2011).

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False Security

Monday, September 12th, 2011

An unattested mortgage, even when recorded, fails its purpose.

ALPHARETTA, GA–On October 12, 2005, Bertha Hagler refinanced her home.

The property in question, center

She signed two security deeds (akin to a mortgage): A “first” securing repayment of $240,000, and a “second” for a lesser amount. But at closing somehow things got confused, and only the “second” got signed by the notary and witness who were there.

Weeks later when the security deeds were recorded no one noticed that the “first” was not properly attested to.

In April 2007 Bertha filed Chapter 7 bankruptcy, and a trustee in bankruptcy was appointed. The trustee noticed the defective security deed, and filed an adversary proceeding to avoid it as against Bertha’s home.

The trustee relied on Bankruptcy Code section 544(a)(3), the so-called “trustee avoiding power” or “strong arm” power. This code provision allows a trustee (or a debtor-in-possession) to avoid an interest in debtor real property that is not perfected as of the commencement of bankruptcy. (See our posting for 5/22/10, “Bankruptcy 101.”)

Fulton County Courthouse, where the questioned security deed was recorded and indexed in the land records

In this case, the trustee claimed the “first” was not entitled to be recorded in the land records, and thus “perfected,” because it did not comply with Georgia statutes requiring that a mortgage affecting real property be signed and acknowledged before a notary, attested to by the notary, and attested to by one additional witness, in order to be accepted for recording.

The bankruptcy court ruled in favor of the trustee, avoiding the mortgage and relegating the lender to status of an unsecured creditor for the $240,000 debt. The lender would stand in line for cents on the dollar.

The lender appealed, arguing that despite its flaws the mortgage was in fact recorded and correctly indexed in the land records. Anyone who searched the records should find the mortgage and readily understand it was intended to encumber the property. The lender relied on case law holding that a defective instrument once recorded may impart constructive notice of its contents.

The federal district court entertaining the appeal said the issue involved “an unclear question of Georgia law,” and asked the Georgia Supreme Court to decide whether, in Georgia, a recorded security deed with a “facially defective attestation” can provide constructive notice.

The Georgia Supreme Court building

The Supreme Court sided with the bankruptcy court. The Court allowed that a “duly recorded” albeit defective instrument can provide constructive notice, but said this security deed was not duly recorded because a lack of required attestations was apparent “on the face” of the instrument. Instead, the Court cited “longstanding law” that a mortgage recorded with “facial defects as to attestation” may not impart constructive notice.

The Court concluded saying the lender’s position would relieve it and other lenders “of any obligation to present properly attested security deeds.” It would “risk an increase in fraud,” and “shift to the subsequent bona fide purchaser and everyone else the burden of determining (possibly decades after the fact) the genuineness of the grantor’s signature.”

Moral: Another example of section 544(a)(3) at work, and a reminder (if we need one) that legal formalities matter.

The case is U.S. Bank National Association v. Gordon, ___ S.E.2d ___, 2011 WL 1102995 (Ga. 2011).

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The Inheritance

Tuesday, May 31st, 2011

Where there’s a will, there’s a way.

The former home of Amanda Jones

ATLANTA, GA–For many years until her death in 2005, this was the home of Amanda Jones.

Among her close relations, Ms. Jones had a niece named Lillie Mae Walker. In 1976, Ms. Walker came to live with Ms. Jones. Later, in 1994, Ms. Walker’s daughter, Laurlene Riggins, also moved in. Ms. Riggins provided care for Ms. Jones, who was then 90, and Ms. Walker, then 72.

In 1995, Ms. Jones signed a Last Will and Testament giving a life estate in the property to Ms. Walker, with the remainder interest going to Ms. Riggins.

Ms. Jones had a stepson, named Eugene. In June 2003, she signed a different Last Will and Testament in which she bequeathed the property to Eugene. But then, in October 2003, Ms. Jones signed yet another Last Will and Testament, revoking all previous wills and again bequeathing the property to Ms. Walker as to a life estate, with the remainder going to Ms. Riggins.

Ms. Jones died in April 2005. After her death, Ms. Walker and Ms. Riggins continued to live in the home–but they neglected to file the October 2003 will for probate.

Enter Ellene Jones, Eugene’s wife. In May 2005, Ellene filed the June 2003 will for probate. Without notice to Ms. Walker or Ms. Riggins, the Probate Court named Ellene executrix of Ms. Jones’ estate and, in July 2005, Ellene executed a deed transferring the ‘free and clear’ property to Eugene.

Eugene promptly mortgaged the property, giving a security deed (akin to a deed of trust) to Ameriquest, for $95,500, in August 2005. Ameriquest got a drive-by inspection, never speaking to residents Walker and Riggins.

Ms. Riggins learned of the mortgage in mid-2006, after getting a mortgage-related notice in the mail followed by telephone calls, but Eugene denied any knowledge of it.

So Ms. Riggins got a lawyer, and filed the October 2003 will for probate. The Probate Court revoked Ellene’s appointment, and approved the October 2003 will as Ms. Jones’ true Last Will and Testament. Ms. Riggins was made the new personal representative of the estate, whereupon she deeded property to herself and Ms. Walker.

The Supreme Court of Georgia building

The stage was set for a legal battle between the heirs and the lender (now Deutsche Bank). The lender sued to quiet title, and the trial court ruled for the lender. The heirs appealed.

The Supreme Court of Georgia affirmed the trial court decision. The high court explained that, under Georgia statutes, an innocent purchaser of property from an ‘apparent’ heir of a deceased person is protected “as against unrecorded liens or conveyances.”

The Court reasoned that the lender did not have “actual notice” of the true heirs’ interests because Walker and Riggins had not opened a probate at the time the loan was made. And, the Court said, the lender would not be charged with knowledge it could have gained from parties in possession, but instead acted reasonably in relying on what Eugene told them–which was, “momma…made the will to me” but Ms. Walker “is supposed to live there until she dies.”

The Court concluded, “Ameriquest’s failure to inquire further regarding Walker’s status in the house does not show a lack of good faith.”

Moral: In light of this harsh result, seems the Georgia legislature should do some work on its statutes.

But the real moral here is that anyone with an interest in property under a will should see that the will is promptly probated. Failing to act is risky business.

The case is Riggins v. Deutsche Bank, 708 S.E.2d 266, 288 Ga. 850 (Ga. 2011).

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Electronic Recording / To Err is Human

Monday, May 16th, 2011

eRecording is here to stay; so is human error.

SEYMOUR, TN–Here’s a failure of title, 21st century style.

The Greene home

Richard and Deana Greene were owners of this newer home in the Smoky Mountains of Tennessee.

In February 2009 the couple borrowed $204,517 from Homeowners Mortgage, giving a deed of trust against the property.

The title agent was Network Closing Services, a company offering regional services through affiliates in 21 states. Network Closing got the deed of trust signed and notarized, and delivered it to Simplifile, an electronic recording agent. Simplifile provides electronic recording services, converting paper documents into digitized images for transmittal via the Internet to local recording offices.

Sevier County Courthouse, home to the Register of Deeds. The statue on the courthouse lawn honors Dolly Parton

The Greene property is located in Sevier County, TN. The Sevier County Register of Deeds has a vendor relationship with Business Information Systems (B.I.S.), so the Register’s office only accepts imaged documents that are formatted and transmitted through B.I.S.

So it happened that this deed of trust went from Network Closing to Simplifile, then from Simplifile to B.I.S., and then from B.I.S. to the Register of Deeds.

The imaged deed of trust was received by the Register’s office on March 11, 2009. It was reviewed by Deputy Register Lois McMurry, who with a keystroke accepted the document and assigned it Instrument Number 09015404, recorded March 11, 2009, at Book 3300, Page 584.

But perhaps she had been too hasty. Before moving on, Ms. McMurry noticed the document had been mislabeled in a data field affixed by B.I.S. for the Register’s use, as “Miscellaneous” instead of “Deed of Trust,” and the Tennessee mortgage tax had not been paid. So she deleted the recording and returned the deed of trust to B.I.S. with advice it was rejected, but it still showed the recording information (Instrument Number, recorded date, and Book and Page numbers).

Moving on, Ms. McMurry re-assigned this identical recording information to the next document in her queue.

B.I.S. got the deed of trust and forwarded it to Simplifile, but failed to report it was unrecorded. Had Simplifile known, they would have advanced the mortgage tax payment and backcharged Network Closing.

The Greenes filed a Chapter 7 bankruptcy in June 2009, and their court-appointed Trustee in bankruptcy filed an adversary proceeding to avoid the unrecorded deed of trust as an interest in the Greene property. Mainly, the Trustee based his action on Bankruptcy Code section 544(a)(3), which allows a trustee to avoid an interest in debtor real property that is not perfected as of commencement of bankruptcy. This is the so-called “trustee avoiding power,” or “strong arm power.” (See our posting for May 22, 2010, “Bankruptcy 101.”)

The Trustee argued the deed of trust was not “perfected,” because there’s no record of it in county land records. The lender (Bank of America, as current holder of the loan) replied the deed of trust was duly recorded, and therefore perfected, because Tennessee law states that a document once accepted for recording cannot later be removed from land records for failure to pay a fee or tax.

The bankruptcy court ruled in favor of the Trustee, allowing that even though Ms. McMurry’s actions were “improper and contrary to statute,” the result was the deed of trust disappeared from Sevier County land records. And, the court concluded, intervening rights of the trustee in bankruptcy prevail over expectations of the lender.

So the lender loses its security, and becomes just another unsecured creditor.

Moral: We’ve said it before, “There’s no crying in bankruptcy.”

The risk that a mortgage or deed of trust is invalid or unenforceable against security property is typically covered by title insurance.

The case is In re Greene (Newton v. Bank of America), 2011 WL 864971 (Bkrtcy,E.D.Tenn. 2011).

The rejected deed of trust, as returned to Simplifile and Network Closing. Note entries in the data field, upper right, as "Miscellaneous" and "zero" mortgage tax (yellow). Note also recording information (red arrow). (Click to enlarge)

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Coming to Terms

Monday, May 2nd, 2011

When details are neglected, fate comes out to play.

SOUTHAVEN, MS–Janet Wright, a widow, lived with her daughter Patricia and son-in-law, James O’Daniel. Janet wanted a home of her own, and the three of them talked about building a house together.

Details, details: The Southaven property

Janet bought a lot in Southaven, a suburb of Memphis, and held title with Patricia as joint tenants with a right of survivorship. Then, Janet, Patricia and James contracted to build a 5,200 square foot home on the lot, for an estimated $440,000.

Janet intended to contribute $200,000 to construction, but the work went over budget and she paid another $200,000. Having advanced $400,000, Janet approached Patricia and James about getting a construction loan to finish the work.

In March 2003, Janet, Patricia and James got a construction loan, secured by a mortgage against the Southaven property. The construction loan had to be paid off when the work was completed.

A few months later the work was completed and Patricia and James arranged a permanent loan to pay off the construction loan. Since this loan would be their contribution to the asset, it was agreed only Patricia and James would be the borrowers on the permanent loan.

The new lender, National City Mortgage, required a mortgage to secure the loan. The lender instructed that the property title be vested in Patricia and James so that the new mortgage would have first priority, and encumber the entire ownership.

So Janet and Patricia signed a deed conveying the property to Patricia and James, and the loan was ready for closing.

The closing was handled by a law firm where James’s mother was employed. With Patricia and James’s agreement, Janet instructed James’s mother to return Janet’s name to the property title after the loan was closed.

The loan closed and another deed was recorded conveying the property from Patricia and James to Janet, Patricia and James, as joint tenants with right of survivorship.

When she got a copy of the latest deed, Janet thought there’d been a mistake. It was, after all, her intention to vest the property in herself and Patricia, as joint tenants, without James being on the title at all.

So Janet contacted her own attorney, who advised her to have a real estate attorney correct the error. But Janet didn’t follow the advice, and neither did she raise the issue with Patricia and James. Then, of course, Patricia filed for divorce.

With Patricia and James divorcing, and James claiming a one-third interest in the property, Janet decided to file a lawsuit to straighten things out.

De Soto County Courthouse, at Hernando, Mississippi

Janet sued James for a judicial declaration that his interest in the property should be subject to a constructive trust or an equitable lien in favor of Janet. James filed a defense.

At trial, Janet testified it was always her intention to own the property 50-50 with Patricia. If she died, she wanted Patricia to own the property outright. Patricia testified the parties never discussed specific ownership interests in the property. James’s mother said she was told only that Janet’s name should be “added” to the title, with nothing said about James.

The trial court ruled in favor of James, mainly holding there was insufficient evidence to impose a constructive trust. Janet appealed.

The Court of Appeals affirmed, agreeing there was insufficient evidence to support Janet’s complaint.

The Court said Janet is not entitled to a constructive trust or an equitable lien because there was no evidence of fraud, duress or unconscionable conduct. In other words, James didn’t do anything wrong. Likewise, the Court would not cancel the deed for mutual mistake, because a mistake (if any there was) was Janet’s alone.

Moral: Mere intentions hold no sway in real estate matters. Any supposed real property interest should be reduced to writing. Otherwise, it probably can’t be enforced if challenged. In fact, our “statute of frauds,” a rule inherited from English common law, generally invalidates unwritten agreements as to real property interests. And, every state has some version of the statute of frauds.

Judges don’t like to re-write contracts, or deeds.

The case is Wright v. O’Daniel, 58 So.3d 694 (Miss. App. 2011).

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Mortgages and Deeds / A Contested Deed

Saturday, April 2nd, 2011

It comes to this: Is the deed void, or merely voidable?

LOS ANGELES, CA–Back in the day this two unit income property in South Los Angeles was owned by David and Florence Sims. The couple lived next door.

Back in the day: The Simses' income property

David and Florence did some estate planning and, in September 1991, they created the Sims Family Trust to hold title to their residence and income property. With the trust agreement, the Simses directed that upon their deaths the residence would be gifted to Florence’s daughter, Shirley, and the income property would go to David’s daughter, Yvonne.

David died and, as alleged in court filings, shortly after his death Florence began to show signs of dementia. She was then 86. As her condition deteriorated, Florence came to rely on her granddaughter, Sheron, to help her with medical decisions.

By December 2001, Florence was diagnosed with paranoia, hallucinations, and dementia. She signed a Power of Attorney giving Sheron authority over her health care decisions.

Florence died April 7, 2003.

Later, in November 2003, there were recorded two grant deeds purportedly signed by Florence conveying the residence and income property to Sheron. The deeds were dated and notarized as of January 2, 2002.

Sheron proceeded to refinance the properties, taking subsantial cash “out.” The income property was last refinanced in 2006, when Sheron gave Washington Mutual a deed of trust for $440,000.

By early 2008 Sheron was in default on her loans, and in April 2008 foreclosure notices were posted on both properties.

By this time David’s daughter, Yvonne, and her husband James had opened separate probates for the estates of David and Florence. They were in possession of the properties, and were surprised by the foreclosure notices. Apparently, Sheron had made payments without anyone knowing, until she ran out of money.

Yvonne and James filed complaints to invalidate the newly-discovered deeds of trust. As to the income property, they claimed the Washington Mutual deed of trust is invalid because (a) Sheron may have forged Florence’s signature on the deed giving the property to Sheron, (b) if Florence did in fact sign the deed, she lacked mental capacity to understand what she was doing, and/or (c) if Florence did sign, she lacked capacity to understand the nature and effect of the deed.

Washington Mutual (now known as J.P. Morgan) defended the deed of trust arguing the lender relied on the Florence-to-Sheron deed in good faith and, therefore, it is entitled to favored status as a bona fide encumbrancer.

The trial court ruled in favor of the lender, and dismissed the complaint. The court reasoned the deed may be voidable, but it could not be void because, at the time its loan was made, the deed appeared in county land records and the lender had no reason to question it. Plaintiffs Yvonne and James appealed.

The Ronald Reagan State Building at Los Angeles, home to the Court of Appeal

The Court of Appeal reversed, holding the deed would be void if any of the three grounds alleged by plaintiffs can be proven. “Generally,” the Court explained, “a deed is void if the grantor’s signature is forged or if the grantor is unaware of the nature of what he or she is signing. A voidable deed, on the other hand, is one where the grantor is aware of what he or she is executing, but has been induced to do so through fraudulent misrepresentations.”

And, said the Court, a deed which is “wholly void” cannot ordinarily provide a foundation for good title even in the hands of a bona fide purchaser or encumbrancer.

With that, the case was remanded for trial of plaintiffs’ allegations.

Moral: This decision will not be published in the official reports, because it’s based on established law, but it shows how land records are viewed (void vs. voidable) in a deed contest.

The outcome here will likely turn on medical opinion and testimony of those around Florence in her final years.

The risk of forgery or a void instrument in the chain of title is commonly covered by title insurance.

The (unpublished) case is reported as Casonhua v. Washington Mutual Bank, 2010 WL 4193214 (Cal. App. 2 Dist.).

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Land Records / Sham Recordings

Monday, December 13th, 2010

Who’s responsible for public records?

Amador County lies west of the Sierra Nevada mountains, in California’s historic Gold Rush territory.

Here in the small town of Ione, Jewel Jackson owned two rental homes.

One of Ms. Jackson's rentals

In March 2007, while she was living in Texas, Ms. Jackson’s brother Willie B. Norton determined to take control of her properties without her knowledge. To this end, Norton crafted a power of attorney purporting to appoint himself as Ms. Jackson’s attorney in fact to conduct real estate transactions on her behalf.

This was amateur hour. Norton alone signed the power of attorney form, before getting it notarized and recorded. Then he signed two quitclaim deeds transfering the properties to himself, and likewise had them notarized and recorded. When the paperwork was done, he evicted Ms. Jackson’s tenants.

Crime as inartful as this did not fool the authorities. Norton was prosecuted, and he pleaded guilty.

In the meantime, Ms. Jackson’s loss of rental income caused her to miss mortgage payments and the properties were lost to foreclosure.

Amador County Courthouse, at Jackson, California

So it happened that Ms. Jackson sued the County for negligently recording the sham documents. She argued the power of attorney was obviously bogus, since it wasn’t signed by the person supposedly granting the power. As such, it should not have been accepted by the recorder’s office and should not have appeared in the land records.

In its defense, the County said the documents were “recordable,” since they were on required sized paper (81/2 x 11), were legible, and were notarized.

The trial court agreed with the County, and Ms. Jackson appealed.

The Court of Appeals also sided with the County, saying the recorder was, in fact, legally required to record these documents because they were in proper format. Likewise, the Court said, the recorder is not responsible for legal sufficiency of recorded documents, and to hold otherwise “would place a county recorder’s office in the untenable position of requiring its employees to in effect practice law.”

Moral: Aside from the limited protection of notary laws, no one really vouches for validity of what gets into public land records.

Title insurance covers a multitude of risks for owners and lenders, and policies offered in some markets may in fact cover post-policy forgery. It’s a good idea to know your insurance coverage, before and after investing in real property.

The case is Jackson v. County of Amador, 186 Cal.App.4th 514 (Cal. App. 2010).

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Foreclosure Rescue / Indictable Offenses

Saturday, November 6th, 2010

Suspicious dealings of a foreclosure rescue “expert.”

The first thing was to save her home.

It was 2008, and Karen Tappert was broke. Sometimes self-employed, but mainly unemployed, she couldn’t make the mortgage payment on her home in Bend, Oregon.

The Las Vegas property

Twice that year Tappert filed bankruptcy, but each case was dismissed when she failed to make court appearances and required payments.

In the meantime, Tappert studied debt elimination schemes being touted on the internet. She became convinced that debt, in particular mortgage debt, could legally be avoided using simple procedures and forms offered by the debt elimination “consultants.” The typical rationale behind these schemes was that the U.S. Federal Reserve system is unconstitutional, and loans funded with anything other than gold or silver can be avoided.

Soon Tappert began to offer her own services, and dubious legal forms, on the internet and by word of mouth. One blog boasted, “Karen has over 100 SUCCESSES around the country and WITHOUT having to use the courts!”

But last June the “Karen Tappert Method” came into question, when Tappert was indicted by a federal grand jury in Las Vegas and charged with multiple counts of mail and wire fraud. Here are some highlights from the criminal indictment.

The "rental" in Farmington, New Mexico

Count 3: The owner of property at 1601 Imperial Cup Dr., Las Vegas, NV, was behind in payments and faced foreclosure. Tappert offered to rescue the property for $1,800. The owner declined, but signed a quitclaim deed to an entity controlled by Tappert, known as “Amari Group.” Later, the property was foreclosed and acquired by Federal National Mortgage Association (a/k/a “Fannie Mae”). Tappert caused a fraudulent deed to be recorded, purportedly conveying the property from Fannie Mae to Amari Group. Tappert signed this deed on behalf of Fannie Mae.

Count 5: Property at 612 Diamond St., Farmington, NM, was foreclosed and acquired by Deutsche Bank National Trust Company, as trustee for investors in a mortgage-backed security that included the foreclosed mortgage. Tappert caused a fraudulent deed to be recorded, purportedly conveying the property from Deutsche Bank to an entity controlled by Tappert, known as “Saraland Investments.” Tappert notarized the bogus deed. Then Tappert rented out the property pocketing $4,050.

Corona, California: A million-dollar property "sold" for $490,000

Count 6: Property at 675 Gregory Circle, Corona, CA, was in the midst of non-judicial foreclosure. The foreclosure sale had been postponed, several times, when a fraudulent “Trustee’s Deed Upon Sale” was recorded. This trustee’s deed purportedly evidenced a foreclosure sale to an entity controlled by Tappert, known as “Northwest Properties Associates, Asset-Backed Certificates, Series 2006-FF1.” Days later, the property was sold by Northwest Property Associates for $490,000. The sale deed was signed by Tappert, on behalf of Northwest Property Associates.

Tappert has entered pleas of not guilty, and she awaits trial.

Moral: Karen Tappert is presumed innocent until proved otherwise. But if a defense to these charges will be that the Fed’s unconstitutional, and the money’s no good, she should know that others betting on this defense have gone to prison.

Postscript: In July 2011 Karen Tappert pleaded guilty to two counts of mail fraud and four counts of wire fraud. In January 2012 Tappert was sentenced to 97 months in prison, followed by three years supervised release, and ordered to pay restitution of $3,643,259.

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Who’s on First?

Monday, August 2nd, 2010

When being first means getting paid.

DUNDALK, MD–Mary was twelve years old, and homeless.

Her mother was mentally ill, and she had never known her father, so Mary went to live with her aunt Linda and Linda’s boyfriend, Charles.  Charles owned a house in Dundalk, a working class suburb of Baltimore.

Charles' property: A house is not a home

But Charles was a sexual predator. By the time Mary was thirteen she was having sexual relations with Charles, and by fourteen he had impregnated her twice. The first pregnancy ended in a miscarriage, while the second led to the birth of a son, Jesse.

At sixteen Mary attracted the interest of a boy in the neighborhood, who befriended her, but Charles warned the boy to stay away since Mary was his “girlfriend.”

At the boy’s urging, Mary went to a school counselor and told her story. Then the local department of social services intervened, causing Mary and Jesse to be removed from the home and placed in foster care.

Soon Charles was prosecuted for molesting Mary, and convicted of second-degree rape.  He got 20 years.

Meanwhile, one of the lawyers for Mary in social services recommended that she sue Charles for damages.  The lawyer had checked the land records, and concluded Charles’ property was free and clear.

So Mary sued Charles and, on May 11, 2007, got a judgment against him for $2,000,000.  The judgment was docketed in the Circuit Court of Baltimore County that day, and, because the property was also located in Baltimore County, upon docketing the judgment became a lien against Charles’ house.

Mary’s lawyer proceeded to get a writ of execution, directing the sheriff to sell the property and apply the proceeds to pay a portion of Mary’s judgment.  The sheriff posted the property with notice of a sheriff’s sale set for October 25, 2007.

But fate would deal Mary another blow.  It turned out Charles had previously given a deed of trust against the property which, for reasons unknown, had not been recorded.  This deed of trust secured a refinancing of the property, and it was signed and delivered by Charles on July 15, 2005.  It was recorded on October 9, 2007, just ahead of the sheriff’s sale.

So now Mary found herself back in court, in a lawsuit filed by the lender and the lender’s title insurance company, to decide who was entitled to first priority and payment.

Mary argued that she was first, as a matter of record, having obtained a judgment lien disclosed by county land records as of May 11, 2007.

The lender claimed priority under a Maryland statute providing that a deed (or mortgage) is effective as of the date of delivery and, when recorded, is enforceable against “the grantor, his personal representatives, every purchaser with notice of the deed, and every creditor of the grantor with or without notice.”

Baltimore County Courts Building

The trial court ruled for Mary, but the Court of Special Appeals reversed and held for the lender.

The court of appeals said the statute is clear, and it promotes public policy to protect mortgage lenders, advancing money in good faith, against involuntary liens that may (as happened here) be recorded first.  It made no difference to the court that Mary’s lawyer had checked the land records and believed the property to be free and clear, because Mary was a mere “creditor” rather than a “purchaser” entitled to protection under the statute.

Moral:  Courts in other states, asked to consider this question, have reached the same result as here in Maryland. Although statutes and precedents may differ, across state lines we Americans share many values and principles adopted mainly from English common law.

The lesson here is, not all liens are created equal. Involuntary liens created under state laws may be trumped by consensual mortgages, and sometimes federal liens.

This case is reported as Chicago Title Insurance Company v. Mary B., 988 A.2d 1044 (Md. App. 2010)

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